How does a septic system function?

A septic system functions by treating wastewater on-site, effectively utilizing both mechanical and biological processes to ensure safe disposal. The system comprises a septic tank, which receives wastewater from the house. Inside the tank, solids settle to the bottom, forming sludge, while lighter materials, such as oils and grease, float to the top, creating scum.

Biologically, microorganisms within the sludge break down the organic matter, which reduces the volume of waste. This process is crucial for preventing clogging in the drain field, where the partially treated effluent from the tank flows. In the drain field, the effluent undergoes further treatment as it percolates through the soil, which naturally filters and treats the wastewater before it reaches groundwater.

This multi-layered treatment combines mechanical separation with biological action, making it an efficient and environmentally friendly method for managing household wastewater on-site. Other methods, such as those that rely solely on chemical treatment or those that discharge waste directly into a public sewer system, do not provide the same level of effective and localized treatment as a septic system.